On July, 7, 2021, Colorado Governor Jared Polis signed the Colorado Privacy Act (CPA or “the Act”) into law. With that pen stroke, Colorado joined California and Virginia as the third state to enact comprehensive consumer privacy legislation. While the law does not take effect until July 1, 2023, Colorado businesses would do well to study up on the new law to ensure compliance when it does become active.
In some ways, the CPA goes further than the California and Virginia privacy statutes. The CPA defines personal data as “information that is linked or reasonably linkable to an identified or identifiable person.”[1] Not only is that a broad definition, but it also applies to a wider range of businesses than the California and Virginia statutes.
For example, while all three statutes will apply to businesses that control and/or process the personal data of 100,000 or more consumers per year, the CPA also applies to businesses that control and/or process the personal data of 25,000 consumers per year and derive revenue or receive a discount on the price of goods/services from the sale of personal data. Unlike other statutes, the CPA has no revenue threshold for determining whether an entity is covered. Given how common it is for businesses to sell personal data, this added wrinkle means that the CPA’s effective threshold for applicability is controlling or processing the data of just 25,000 consumers.
In addition, while all three statutes provide similar consumer rights, like special protections for “sensitive” data like race, religion, and sexual orientation, the CPA also contains a user-selected universal opt-out mechanism. This mechanism gives Colorado residents the right to opt out of targeted advertising, the sale of their personal data, and specific types of user profiling (the practice of using automated processing of personal data to evaluate and predict personal aspects concerning an individual’s location, behavior, personal preferences, and even economic situation).
The CPA comes with exceptions and exemptions, of course. “Consumers” under the Act only include Colorado residents acting in their individual or household capacities. That means individuals acting in commercial or employment contexts are not covered. Buying a new smartphone? Covered. Applying for a job? Sorry, that data isn’t afforded the same protection. The Act also does not extend to publicly available information or information that has been de-identified (private data where personal identifiers have been removed). Finally, entities covered by Federal privacy laws, like HIPAA and FERPA, are mostly exempted from the CPA.
So, what does all of this mean for covered Colorado businesses? Well, for one, every covered entity should begin a review of their current cybersecurity practices to evaluate whether they will be able to keep up with the CPA’s new suite of consumer rights and regulatory rules beginning in July 2023. In addition, all covered entities ought to begin drafting up new processes by which consumers can contact them and submit requests regarding their personal data as well as a process by which consumers can appeal the covered entity’s decision regarding the use of that data. Privacy policies will universally require updates to include the notices required under the CPA regarding how and why the covered entity uses consumer data. Covered entities will also be required to obtain consumer consent when it comes to collection and processing of “sensitive” data. Finally, all covered entities should also begin the process of designing and implementing the CPA’s unique “universal opt-out” mechanism which becomes mandatory for all covered entities on July 1, 2024.
Colorado is at the forefront of protecting consumer data and privacy with the CPA. However, these protections invariably come with significant regulatory and compliance hurdles for Colorado businesses. The CPA is only one of three such laws in the United States, so there is not a whole wealth of compliance experience that covered entities to look to for guidance. It goes without saying, then, that the earlier covered entities can start working on their compliance regime, the better!
[1] See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 6-1-1303
